Most cities had multiple daily newspapers with investigative teams. Advertising and subscriptions funded journalism. A project like this cost $1,300-1,500.
Craigslist decimates classified ads. Google and Facebook capture digital advertising. Newsroom budgets shrink. Investigative teams cut.
Billionaire foundations step in: Gates ($319M+ to media), MacArthur, Ford, Rockefeller. Nonprofit news organizations become dependent on foundation grants.
Same investigation now costs $2,770-3,195 (inflation-adjusted) or $3,300-4,200 at market rates. Only foundations can afford to fund it. This creates the circular validation problem.